Epidemiology
Etiology
Nonmodifiable risk factors
- History of preterm birth (greatest risk factor)
- Cervical insufficiency
- Short cervical length
- Multiple gestations
Modifiable risk factors
- Maternal and fetal conditions
- Infections (e.g., urinary tract infections, STIs, vaginal infections )
- Hypertensive pregnancy disorders (e.g., preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome)
- Diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes
- Lifestyle and environmental factors
- Smoking
- Substance use (e.g., heavy alcohol use, heroin, cocaine)
- Maternal or fetal stress
- Maternal age (≤ 18 years, > 35 years)
Pathophysiology
Clinical features
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Diagnostics
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Treatment
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