Diseases

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Alpha-hemolysis (partial hemolysis)

• Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)

  • Otitis media (especially in children)
  • Sinusitis, pharyngitis
  • Pneumonia (rusty-colored sputum)
  • Meningitis
  • OPSI (in individuals with asplenia or sickle cell disease)

• Viridans streptococci (e.g., S. mutans, S. mitis, and S. sanguinis)

  • Dental caries (S. mutans and S. mitis)
  • Subacute bacterial endocarditis (S. sanguinis)

Beta-hemolysis (complete hemolysis)

• Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus)

  • Head and neck:
    • Pharyngitis
    • Tonsillitis
    • Peritonsillar abscess
    • Otitis media
  • Skin and soft tissues (pyogenic):
    • Erysipelas
    • Cellulitis
    • Impetigo (“honey-crusted” lesions)
    • Necrotizing fasciitis
  • Toxin-mediated disease:
    • Scarlet fever
    • Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome
  • Immunologic complications (after primary infection):
    • Acute rheumatic fever
    • Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

• Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS)

  • Adults (often asymptomatic, but can cause):
    • Urinary tract infection
    • Meningitis
    • Pneumonia
    • Soft tissue infection
  • Newborns:
    • Neonatal meningitis and pneumonia
    • Neonatal sepsis
    • Early-onset group B streptococcal infection
    • Late-onset group B streptococcal infection

• Streptococcus gallolyticus

  • Bacteremia
  • Endocarditis
  • Colorectal carcinoma

• Streptococcus anginosus

  • Soft tissue infections (e.g., cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis)
  • Abscesses (e.g., brain abscess, abdominal abscess)
  • Septicemia