• Positive APRs (serum levels rise in acute inflammatory states) include fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, ferritin, hepcidin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, von Willebrand factor, and complement. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (the time required for erythrocytes to settle from suspension) is an indirect measure of positive APRs.
• Negative APRs (serum levels fall in acute inflammatory states) include albumin, transferrin, and transthyretin (prealbumin).
  • Macrophages take up transferrin and use it to remove iron from circulation, making it unavailable for pathogens.

Mnemonic

• ↑ESR: 胆固醇↑，球蛋白↑，纤维蛋白原↑——荡秋千
• ↓ESR: 白蛋白↑，卵磷脂↑——洁白的鹅卵石