Epidemiology
Etiology
- Fetal anomalies
- Urethral obstruction (e.g., posterior urethral valves)
- Bilateral renal agenesis
- Maternal conditions
- Placental insufficiency
- Late or postterm pregnancies (> 42 weeks of gestation)
- Premature rupture of membranes
Pathophysiology
Clinical features
Diagnostics
- Amniotic fluid index (AFI): a semiquantitative tool used to assess amniotic fluid volume (normal range: 8–18 cm)
- Oligohydramnios: ≤ 5
Complications
- Intrauterine growth restriction
- Birth complications (e.g., umbilical cord compression)
Potter sequence
Epidemiology
Etiology
- Chronic placental insufficiency
- ↓ Renal output (e.g., due to bilateral renal agenesis, ARPKD, obstruction of posterior urethral valves)
- Chronic amniotic fluid leakage
Pathophysiology
oligohydramnios → intrauterine compression and decreased amniotic fluid ingestions → ↓ space for fetal development → internal and external deformations
Clinical features
- Pulmonary hypoplasia (cause of death due to severe neonatal respiratory insufficiency)
- Craniofacial abnormalities (e.g., prominent epicanthal and infraorbital folds, flattened nose, receding chin, low set ears)
- Wrinkling of the skin
- Limb anomalies (e.g., bowed legs, clubbed feet)
Mnemonic
Potter babies cannot Pee.
Mnemonic
POTTER sequence associated with: Pulmonary hypoplasia Oligohydramnios (trigger) Twisted face Twisted skin Extremity defects Renal failure (in utero)
Diagnostics
Treatment
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