Epidemiology


Etiology


Pathophysiology


Clinical features


Diagnostics


Treatment

Nonoperative management of cholelithiasis

Indications

  • Patients at high risk of complications due to surgery or anesthesia (e.g., recent myocardial infarction)
  • Patients unwilling to undergo surgery

Oral bile acid dissolution therapy

  • May be useful in dissolving pure cholesterol stones (i.e., radiolucent stones) that are &lt 0.5 cm
  • Ursodeoxycholic acid
  • Duration of therapy: 6–24 months [17][33]

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)