Epidemiology

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Etiology

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Causes of impaired vitamin D synthesis

Causes of impaired metabolism of vitamin D

• Conditions
  • Liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis)
    • Impaired 25-hydroxylation by the liver
  • Chronic kidney disease
    • Impaired 1α-hydroxylation by the kidneys
• Medications: cytochrome P450 modulators, e.g.:
  • CYP24 inducers can convert vitamin D to inactive forms
  • Anticonvulsants: phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital
  • Antimicrobials: rifampin, HAART, antifungals

Pathophysiology

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Clinical features

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Diagnostics

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Treatment

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