• Hypospadias
  • Abnormal opening of penile urethra on ventral (under) surface due to failure of urethral folds to fuse.
  • Hypospadias is more common than epispadias. Associated with inguinal hernia, cryptorchidism, chordee (downward or upward bending of penis).
  • Can be seen in 5α-reductase deficiency.
• Epispadias
  • Abnormal opening of penile urethra on dorsal (top) surface due to faulty positioning of genital tubercle.
  • Exstrophy of the bladder is associated with epispadias.