Condition	Diagnosis	Pathophysiology	Clinical Features
Congenital umbilical hernia	Incomplete closure of umbilical ring (fascial opening)	Benign, reducible protrusion	Defect covered by skin; Midline (umbilical cord at apex)
Omphalocele	Abnormal gut rotation without physiologic reduction back into abdominal cavity	Sac containing bowel ± other abdominal organs	Defect covered by peritoneum (no skin, fascia, muscle); Midline (umbilical cord at apex)
Gastroschisis	Full-thickness abdominal wall defect	Eviscerated bowel	Not covered by membrane; Located to the right of midline/umbilicus

Tip

Unlike in cases of omphalocele, gastroschisis does not manifest with a hernia sac.

Mnemonic

Omphalocele keeps your gut O-sealed (covered with peritoneum), but in Gastroschisis, the Gut freezes (herniates through the abdominal wall without being covered by peritoneum).