Epidemiology
Etiology
- Risk factors for anal cancer
- HPV infection (especially types 16 and 18), e.g., individuals with condylomata acuminata
- Immunosuppression, e.g., HIV, recipient of solid organ transplant
- Receptive anal intercourse
Pathophysiology
Clinical features
- Rectal bleeding (most significant initial symptom)
- Anal pruritus
- A lump or tumor around the anus
- Tenderness and/or pain in the anal area
Diagnostics
Pathology
- Histology: primarily squamous cell carcinoma; rarely adenocarcinoma or other nonepidermoid cancers
- Location
- Above the anal verge: anal canal tumors
- Below the anal verge: anal margin tumors
Treatment