Epidemiology


Etiology


Pathophysiology


Clinical features


Neurological manifestations

  • Tetany: increased neuromuscular excitability (when caused by respiratory alkalosis = hyperventilation-induced tetany)
    • Paresthesias: typically tingling or pins-and-needles sensation in extremities and/or in the perioral area
    • Spasms (e.g., carpopedal spasm, bronchospasm or laryngospasm), and cramps (possible in any muscle)
    • Stiffness, myalgia
    • Maneuvers to elicit latent tetany on physical examL21127.jpg
      • Chvostek sign: short contractions (twitching) of the facial muscles elicited by tapping the facial nerve below and in front of the ear (∼ 2 cm ventral to the ear lobe)
      • Trousseau sign: ipsilateral carpopedal spasm occurring several minutes after inflation of a blood pressure cuff to pressures above the systolic blood pressure
  • Seizure: may be the initial or only symptom

Diagnostics


Treatment