Congenital rubella infection
Clinical features
- Intrauterine rubella infection: miscarriage, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction (especially likely if infection occurs during the first trimester)
- Congenital rubella syndrome
- Triad of congenital rubella syndrome
- Cardiac defect: most common defect (e.g., patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary artery stenosis)
- Cataracts: Other eye manifestations may also occur later in life, including glaucoma and salt and pepper retinopathy (abnormal retinal pigmentation)
- Cochlear defect: bilateral sensorineural hearing loss
- Early features
- Hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice
- Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia
- Petechiae and purpura, i.e., blueberry muffin rash (due to extramedullary hematopoiesis in the skin)
- Late features
- CNS defects: microcephaly, intellectual disability, panencephalitis
- Skeletal abnormalities
- Triad of congenital rubella syndrome
Mnemonic
CCC-Triad of congenital rubella syndrome: Cataracts, Cochlear defects, Cardiac abnormality