Epidemiology

  • Trauma (e.g., proximal scaphoid fractures)
  • Cellular toxicity (e.g., chemotherapy, radiotherapy, thermal injury, smoking, alcohol)
  • Medication (e.g., corticosteroids)
  • Congenital disease (e.g., sickle cell disease, Gaucher disease)
  • Orthopedic conditions (e.g., slipped capital femoral epiphysis, developmental dysplasia of the hip)

Etiology


Pathophysiology


Clinical features

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Diagnostics

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Treatment

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