• Tonicity
  • Isotonic
    • Fluid type
      • 0.9% (normal) saline
      • Lactated Ringer solution
      • Albumin (5% or 25%)
        • Colloid solution; all other listed fluid types are crystalloid solutions.
    • Clinical use
      • Volume resuscitation (e.g., hypovolemia, shock)
      • Volume replacement, treatment of SBP or HRS
        • HRS = hepatorenal syndrome; SBP = spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
  • Hypotonic
    • Fluid type
      • Dextrose 5% in water
        • Dextrose 5% in water (initially slightly hypotonic) & dextrose 5% in 0.45% saline (initially hypertonic) become markedly hypotonic due to metabolism of glucose.
      • 0.45% (half-normal) saline
      • Dextrose 5% in 0.45% (half-normal) saline
    • Clinical use
      • Free water deficit
      • Maintenance hydration
  • Hypertonic
    • Fluid type
      • 3% (hypertonic) saline
    • Clinical use
      • Severe, symptomatic hyponatremia