Epidemiology

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Etiology

• Typically idiopathic (∼ 70% of cases)
• Fetal anomalies
  • Gastrointestinal (e.g., esophageal atresia, duodenal atresia and stenosis): reduced swallowing and absorption of amniotic fluid
  • CNS: anencephaly (leads to impaired swallowing of amniotic fluid, leakage of cerebrospinal fluid, and increased urination due to lack of fetal ADH), meningomyelocele (due to leakage of cerebrospinal fluid)
  • Pulmonary: cystic lung malformations
  • Multiple pregnancy: twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
• Maternal conditions
  • Diabetes mellitus
    • Increased maternal glucose levels increase fetal glucose levels as well, resulting in polyuria.
  • Rh incompatibility

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Pathophysiology

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Clinical features

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Diagnostics

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Treatment

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